Tear Down the Curtain Essay - 1246 Words

Title Tearing Down the Curtain In 1987 President Ronald Reagan gave an introspective speech in front of the Brandenburg gate in Berlin. That said speech is known to us as â€Å"Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate†. When Reagan gave this speech he was toward the end of his political career, he had served two terms as president of the United States, and was well-known for his role as a gifted mediator and peacemaker. It was also during the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union. To the west of Berlin was the free democratic countries of Western Europe. To the east was what was known as the iron curtain an area controlled by the soviet union and its allies. Inside the iron curtain freedoms were restricted and liberty denied.†¦show more content†¦He topped it off by using a common German phrase of endearment –â€Å"Ich hab noch einen Koffer in Berlin† which means: I still have a suitcase in Berlin (page 1). While listening to the actual video record of this statement; the cro wd stood up and cheered. At that point President Reagan had achieved his goal of winning over the crowd. After Ronald Reagan had successfully reached common ground with the present crowd he turned his attention to the speech’s intended audience which was that of East Berlin and the Soviet Union. He immediately tried to reach out to by stating that he wished to extend his warmest greetings and good will of the American people (page 1). Reagan then goes on to state that he has one unshakable conviction that there is only one Berlin. In this statement he says two things; he first uses the language of the German people. It is important to realize that the language he choose was not Russian but German. This displayed the fact that his comments were meant for the people of East Berlin and not to their Soviet overseers. He then foreshadows the fact that Berlin and the greater extent East Germany should be rejoined with its Western neighbor which would make it whole free, democ ratic state. To first justify Reagans position he explained that Germany should again be a whole freeShow MoreRelatedDo You Ever Feel Like You re Being Watched?867 Words   |  4 Pagescouldn’t take it anymore. Sweat started to slowly slide down the sides of my forehead from how much I’ve been moving in bed in an attempt to go back to sleep. I sprung up from my bed and as I reached for my not so thick but not thin turquoise curtains I felt eyes looking through them, I felt a presence and I became terrified. Eyes, big but dull, round, and hazel with blood tears streaming down its face was there when I opened the curtains. A thin torso wearing a black torn up trench coat accompaniedRead MoreShort Story918 Words   |  4 PagesBrennan, Im just so glad you and your friends still like to build snowmen! It adds such a festive touch to our front yard,† Mom says as she sets the buns on the table and pulls out her chair to sit for dinner. Unamused, Brennan bobs his head up and down and raises his eyebrows in response to my mom as he pours himself a glass of milk. I stare at my water-filled glass with a small, vibrant Mt. Rushmore design on one side as my family continues their usual dinner small talk. †What am I gonna do to stayRead MoreA Dog s Life : Charlie Chaplin1190 Words   |  5 Pagesmake a living. Lastly, another cultural reference is the transition into the lively jazz-age. When Edna sings an â€Å"Old Song† everyone in the audience is brought to tears, and she eventually loses her job; the audience prefers the upbeat, lively performance by the band. The ideal of the â€Å"American Dream† plays a role in this film, as three down-under-their-luck individuals have nothing, and eventually live in a nice country house. Scene 1 (28:05) The first scene that exemplifies style of this film isRead MoreEssay on The Fall of Communism1064 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment with a communist government. . At the end of WWII, most of Eastern and Central Europe’s countries were being occupied by the soviet army. They came to be controlled by the Soviet government and pulled back behind an â€Å"iron Curtain†. Winston Churchill’s famed Iron curtain remark refers to the countries that fell under the spell of the Soviet Union and shut out the western world ways of capitalism. The countries of Eastern Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Albania andRead MoreTickets Please By James Mutters1298 Words   |  6 Pagesfloor. Each table has a flickering candle on top of a silk table runner. There are other seats around the room just without the central view. At the far end of the room curtains fall over lofted area where James could see stands. People are anxiously waiting for the curtain s to rise and the mood to set. James takes a single step down onto the area with the 16 tables, and an usher wearing a red uniform rushes over to greet him before he can do anything else. â€Å"Hello sir do you happen to have a ticketRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1210 Words   |  5 Pagesidentify the witches in the village. The witch trials are the ultimate expression of intolerance because hanging witches is a way for the townsmen to restore the purity the community once had. In Act III, Danforth states the hot fire of court â€Å"melts down all concealment† which means the court burns away all lies to get to the truth and burns away what they want to burn away. The relationship that is tested the most is the Proctor marriage. John Proctor’s marriage creates and atmosphere of distrustRead MoreThe Greatest Day Of My Life1253 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"OK, I’m sorry, I’m awake,† I grumbled, moving to a sitting position, in the vexatious bed the hospital provided for me. â€Å"Well, I will see you down there, the nurse is taking me to the delivery room; they have to start my epidural,† she groaned, leaning over to hug me, before dashing out of the room. November 15, 2011. Eight a.m. I’m running down the cold, white, concrete halls, of Baptist Regional Medical Center. The only sound I could hear, was my own heart-drumming in my ears. â€Å"Stay calm,Read MoreStatement As A Phlebotomist For The Transbay Office944 Words   |  4 Pagesa blood draw. I was on my way out to lunch when she stepped in but from what I could hear on the other side of the curtain she was very nervous and scared about the blood draw. I left the lab confident that my colleague would do an exceptional job as always with making our patient feel at ease. As I returned from lunch, I could hear the same patient on the other side of the curtain telling our phlebotomist that she was extremely terrified of needles. My colleague had done everything that she couldRead MoreThe Church Echoed From Sweet Sobs860 Words   |  4 Pages The church echoed back sweet sobs; sobs with as much intent and passion as any man could give. He was there, at the altar, the church , standing beside his endearing princess. The only sound that resonated past loving tears was the confession to his dearest: an unfathomable promise to keep her forever in his heart. To have and to hold as any grown man should. At least, as he would, if he had been an adult. Last year filled with joy. Before the church, before the storm. â€Å"My liege† said his brotherRead MoreThe Tortilla Curtain By. Boyle1390 Words   |  6 Pageshowever, problems arise when certain cliques look down on different ethnic groups to the point of damaging and hurting those individuals and minorities. The Tortilla Curtain, written by T.C. Boyle, points out many of the problems seen among different ethnic groups. In the book, Boyle demonstrated the difficulties that can develop among individuals when communication is limited, but also when we discriminate against others. In The Tortilla Curtain, T.C. Boyle argues that communication is essential

The River Mountain By N. Scott Momaday Essay - 1654 Words

The Way to Rainy Mountain is a by N. Scott Momaday influential novel in today s time, as it depicts the history of the Kiowa culture of how they came to be, their traditions and beliefs along with the truth of how their culture came to an abrupt end. As Momaday undergoes a journey to visit Rainy Mountain, he creates an identity for himself in the Kiowa culture that is portrayed through his use of memory, setting, and structure. The use of memory is vital to the creation of Momaday s identity within the Kiowas. Momaday contrasts his personal memories of Kiowa culture and traditional tribal narratives to create an impression of the Native American way of life that is both well-grounded and accurate to their history. Not only did the ancestral Kiowa stories contribute to the overall influence on his character but also the landscape and journey as he merges his individual memories with the ancestral memories. It is stated that Aho, Momaday’s grandmother, was born when the Kiowas were living the last great moments of their history. Almost a decade before she was born, a majority of Kiowa warriors were captured and imprisoned by the US Calvary at the old stone corral at Fort Sill. Also, it is told that when she was seven, Aho experienced the last of her people s Sun Dance culture when the last Kiowa Sun Dance was held in 1887 on the Washita River above Rainy Mountain Creek. Therefore, many, if not all, of the memories that Momaday can recall of the Kiowas and their culture areShow MoreRelated A Writers Style Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesPulitzer Prize winning writer N. Scott Momaday has become known as a very distinctive writer who depicts the stories of the Native American life in almost poetic ways. He does an excellent job of transporting the reader from the black and white pages of a book, to a world where every detail is pointed out and every emotion felt when reading one of Momaday’s books or other writings. This style of writing that Momaday uses is very evident in his work â€Å"The Way to Rainy Mountain,† and made even more apparentRead MoreA Writers Style - N. Scott Momaday Review1246 Words   |  5 PagesPulitzer Prize winning writer N. Scott Momaday has become known as a very distinctive writer who depicts the stories of the Native American life in almost poetic ways. He does an excellent job of transporting the reader from the black and white pages of a book, to a world where every detail is pointed out and every emotion felt when reading one of Momadays books or other writings. This style of writing that Momaday uses is very evident in his work The Way to Rainy Mountain, and made even more apparentRead MoreEssay about The Journey to Self Discovery1029 Words   |  5 PagesJoan Didion’s essay â€Å"On Going Home and, N. Scott Momaday’s essay The Way to Rainy Mountain. For Joan Didion, returning home is a source of comfort, confusion, and conflict. The life she lives with her husband and child are a world apart from the life she grew up in. Her memories are a part of who she is and the kind of mother and wife she hopes to be. Perhaps in her quest, she will find the best parts of her to pour into her new life. In contrast, N. Scott Momaday’s â€Å"home† is his grandmother.Read MoreAnalysis Of Scott Momaday s The Great Gatsby Essay2188 Words   |  9 PagesN.Scott Momaday On February 27 in 1934 Navarre Scott Momaday was born, in Lawton, Oklahoma. He was born in the Kiowa and Comanche Indian Hospital, and was then registered with having seven-eighths Indian blood. N. Scott Momaday was born of, Natachee Scott Momaday, having a mix of English, Irish, French, and Cherokee blood while, his father, Alfred Morris Momaday was a full blood Kiowa. He stated, â€Å"my father was my mentor, he was a painter and he taught art. He once said to me, I never knewRead MoreThe, Legend, Lore, And Hearsay Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves; they had dared to image and determine who they were,† (Momaday, 77). Here Momaday addresses the migration of his ancestors. As a result, the people had been modified by their journey, and so finally they began to consider who they were and what they were meant to become. â€Å"What remains is fragmentary: mythology, legend, lore, and hearsay--and of course the idea itself, as crucial and complete as it ever was. Tha t is the miracle,† (Momaday, 77). In regards to his culture, Momday expresses his perceptionRead MoreA Spiritual Journey1839 Words   |  8 PagesChance It is a great feeling going to a place where it’s a huge matter in one’s life. â€Å"Revisiting Sacred Ground† N. Scott Momaday had made a pilgrimage which his Kiowa ancestors. Momaday has said,† There are certain villages, and towns mountains and plains that, having seen them, walked in them, lived in them, even for a day, we keep forever in the mind’s eye.† Just like how Momaday relived his ancestor’s trails, I had a chance as well. I was lucky enough to be able to go on such a sacred journeyRead MoreValue Of Tradition And Culture1805 Words   |  8 PagesFor example, the author in â€Å"The Way to Rainy Mountain† N. Scott Momaday, seems to describe his life as a man who left his family’s homeland to make his own, but always had a strong relationship with his grandmother. Momaday describes the sense of self-identity by connecting his essay about his family history. He reveals his emotions into his grandmother’s d eath when he stated, â€Å"Although my grandmother lived out her long life in the shadow of Rainy Mountain†¦.wanted to see in reality what she had seen†¦

Performance and Director Free Essays

A director is in charge of all aspects of the production, a director’s job is to tie up all performance element together. The director must have vision of how should the character moves, the lighting that help enhance the mood of the play, the sets and props. As an Actor we often find problem such as, don’t know how to pose our hand, where to stand and which way to walk. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance and Director or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are â€Å"floating† in the stage, because we are not sure what our role is. Then it is the director’s role to direct and told the actor what to do so they will not be â€Å"floating† anymore. First the director have to read and understand the script, know what is the meaning of the play, understand each character in the play so that he or she can make choice or decision during rehearsal. The next step is to start rehearsal. Director have to position actors on stage. Usually the director will decide where is the 5 acting area, but it can be more. For example for realistic play, the 5 acting area can be sofa, kitchen, dining table, bed, beside window, and etc. A director will start to draw the set in a groundplan. When a play is directed by a good director, the audience won’t get distracted by something or someone else on the play. A good director can provide focus of the play, where the audience should see and focus on. If the audience get distracted or confuse during the play, it’s the director’s fault. A play is symbolic, it’s artificial. All the elements of the play on the stage is symbolic. The actor represent another person on the stage. The set and probs is symbolic too, because it represent the chair in the play storyline. Then why people go to see a play? Because we can relate the play to us in the real world. View pointing is using different form from traditional As an actor physically awkward,dunno wat to do with hand. View pointing help or not? at is d intention, wat d director want us to do. Ans: viewpointing tu diff approach. View pointing tu, dr awal acara gk ad plot,cuma ad movement. Director Don’t make movement that is not important how to solve problem tgn yg gk tau taru dimn. Kenapa tgn kita tak tau mau ngap. karna kt gk yakin apa yg harus kt lakukan, gk yakin ttg role mrk. Role,space, body. Viewpointing is using different from from traditional Collaborative-haresh sharma messy†¦ Base of my knowledge from blabla 5acting areas. Provide the focus, if audience distracted with someone else, don’t put that on purpose. Director’s fault. A PLAY IS artificial. How to cite Performance and Director, Papers

Immunology Pathogenesis of Asthma

Question: Discuss about theImmunology for Pathogenesis of Asthma. Answer: Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of lungs and conducting airways. In asthma cells of both immune system like innate and adaptive immune systems work collectively on epithelial cells of airways. The innate immune cells like mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells are responsible for the pathogenesis of asthma. The adaptive immune cells like B cells and TH2 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Due to action of 7 innate and adaptive immune cells following pathological changes occur in asthma patient: bronchial hyper-reactivity (BHR), goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus overproduction, airway wall remodeling and airway narrowing. Most common symptoms of Asthma are frequent episodes of shortness of breath, coughing, sneezing, runny nose, wheezing and chest tightness, pain. There are two types of clinical asthma occur like allergic and non-allergic asthma. Allergic (extrinsic) asthma mainly caused due to inhalation or ingestion of al lergens like house dust mite, peanuts, fungal spores, plant pollen and animal dander. In allergic asthma serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are present and patients with allergic asthma exhibits positive skin-prick test to the lipoproteins of allergens. Nonallergic (intrinsic) asthma occurs in the late age and generally related with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps and obesity. Intrinsic asthma is not associated with IgE and exhibits negative skin-prick test. T cells, specifically TH2 cells plays important role in the inflammatory process of asthma, hence it became potential target for the treatment of asthma. There are increased CD4+T cells in the airways and T helper 2 (TH2) cells are predominant in these increased CD4+T cells . TH2 produces immune response by secreting the cytokines IL-4, IL-3, IL-9 and IL-13. These cytokines facilitate IgE production by B cells. IL-5 plays significant role in the eosinophil differentiation in bone marrow. IL-9 attracts and facilitates the differentiation of mast cells. In the early stage of asthma, allergens are detected by the dendritic cells and these allergens are presented by the antigen presenting cells to the T cells. Due to these allergens T cell differentiated in the TH2 type of cells. TH2 type of cells produce TH2 type of response which produces interleukin 4, 5 and 13 and it is associated with stimulation of IgE and eosinophilic response. Under the influence of interleukin-4 (IL-4), TH2 cell s interact with lymphocytes like B cells and these B cells procures antibodies like IgE. IgE circulates in the blood and it binds to the mast cell and basophils through IgE specific receptor like FcRI (a type of Fc receptor). By binding on the cells these IgE sensitize these cells to the allergens inhaled or ingested. When person gets exposed to the same allergen in the later time, this allergen bind to the IgE which is bound on the surface of the mast cells and basophils. When same allergen molecule binds to the more than one IgE-receptor complex, there is the crosslinking of IgE and Fc receptor. Due to this crosslinking there is the degranulation of mast cells and release of histamine, cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins in the surrounding tissues. These inflammatory mediators produces different effects like vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, mucous hypersecretion and nerve stimulation. Late phase response can often occur in asthma. Late phase response o ccurs due to migration of lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and in chronic cases neutrophils to the initial site. Cytokines produced form mast cells like necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13 are responsible persistent pathological changes in asthma. Bronchoconstriction: One of the important characteristic of the asthmatic respiratory tract is narrowing of the airways and this leads to the improper airflow during respiration. During episodes of acute exacerbations of asthma, airways gets exposed to the stimuli in the form of allergens and irritants and these allergens and irritants produces contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. These allergens produces bronchoconstriction by virtue of immunoglobulin E (IgE) reliant mediators like histamine, tryptase, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. There is also non-IgE dependent bronchoconstriction. Airway edema: As the disease progresses and in the absence of treatment measures for impaired immune mechanism, bronchoconstiction of the airways and consequently resistance to airflow increases. This augmented airflow resistance is mainly due to edema in the airways, mucus hypersecretion from goblet cells and deposition of thickened mucus plugs. Airway hyperresponsiveness: Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic patients can be measured by evaluating augmented bronchoconstrictor response to muscarinic receptor agonist like methacholine. It is called as Bronchial challenge test. Factors responsible for the airway hyperresponsiveness are inflammation of airways, impaired neuroregulation and structural changes of airways and lung like hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Degree of airway hyperresponsiveness shows a relationship with methacholine contractile response and severity of asthma. Airway remodeling : In asthma structural changes resembling hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the airway smooth muscle occurs. Structural alterations of airways lead to augmented airflow obstruction, airway responsiveness and consequently results in the progressive loss lung function. Currently available medications for asthma are not fully useful for asthma management. Airway remodeling comprises of sub-basement membrane thickening, subepithelial fibrosis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, blood vessel proliferation and dilation, mucous gland hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion (1). Fig.1 Immune mechanism in Asthma Diagnosis: Flow Cytometry: Flow cytometry analysis delivers a rapid qualitative and quantitative explanation of several features of individual cells. With the help of flow cytometry cell size, granularity of cell, features of DNA and RNA, characteristic of cell surface and nuclear markers which are specific for individual cells can be analysed. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid provides very important information for asthma and other lung inflammatory diseases. Flow cytometer analysis of BAL provides profile of different types of white blood cells and corresponding acute and chronic pathological alterations in the lung. In Asthma, composition of BAL in flow cytometry analysis comprised of TH2 T-cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells and in chronic stages neutrophils. Flow cytometry analysis provides information about surface markers of eosinophils, dendritic cells, basophils, mast cells and neutrophil by using specific antibodies against these surface markers. Commercial antibodies like MHCII, CCR3, CD3, B220 an d CD11c are available for the surface markers on T and B cells. By using these antibodies, flow cytometry can be used to differentiate subsets of these cells like TH1, TH2, TH17, TH22 of T cells. Mainly TH2 cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and IgE plays prominent role in asthma pathology. Flow cytometry analysis of BAL provides information about these cytokines and chemokines in association with cluster of differentiation (CD) markers. Frequency of occurrence of these inflammatory cells and cytokines in the BAL of the asthmatic patients depend on the severity of the disease. In severe cases of asthmatic patients there is the manifestation of dual TH2/TH17 cells. These inflammatory cells can also measured in the peripheral blood by means of flow cytometry. In the diagnosis of asthma using flow cytometry, these cells can analyzed in the induced sputum of the patient, however it has been observed that there is more variability in the data obtained from the sputum sample. Even thoug h, flow cytometry is not used in routine practice for diagnosis of asthma, it is beneficial in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory lung disease (2, 5). Fig.2 Flow diagram for Flow Cytometry procedure For flow cytometer analysis BAL fluid should be analyzed immediately after collection and cells should be isolated by means of centrifugation. After centrifugation, supernatant should be distributed in small aliquots. Isolated cells should be either cultured with RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS overnight or immediately fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde for processing in flow cytometer. Cells should be stained with respective antibodies. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): ELISA test is a method of analyzing immune response of body by reaction of immune components and chemicals. Components of ELISA are enzyme which catalyzes biochemical reaction and antigen or antibody which act as immunogenic molecules. Most of the cytokines detected in the asthma patients can be analyzed by ELISA and ELISpot Immunoassays. Cytokines are analyzed by sandwich ELISA. In sandwich ELISA plate is coated with antibody, to this sample containing antigen is added, subsequently antigen capture antibody IS added, detecting antibody binds to antigen, enzyme linked secondary antibody is added which binds to detecting antibody, then substrate is added which is converted to detectable form by enzyme. In asthma patient cytokines can be analyzed in BAL, blood and sputum using ELISA method. ELISA has been used utilized in the cytokine estimation in the urine of asthma patients. Commercial ELISA kits are available for the cytokines is asthma patients like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, chemokin es like CCL11, CXCL10 and CCL17. Markers of the airway remodeling in asthma patients like matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor can be analyzed in the BAL of asthmatic patient. IgE antibodies in asthma patient can be measured using ELISA (2, 3, 5). Discussion: It has been observed that there is correlation between altered levels of cytokines estimated by means of ELISA and disease severity. There is strong correlation observed between the increased level of IL 4 in BAL of asthma patient and forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1).With increase in IL4, there is the decrease in FEV1 in patients with asthma. Plasma and BAL TNF- level estimated using ELISA method are negatively correlated with FEV1. Decreased FEV1 is related to the increased airway wall area thickness and decreased luminal area of airway which are airway remodeling in asthma patients. It reflects airway remodeling in asthma patient and it is related to the cytokine level in BAL of asthma patients estimated by means of ELISA. In non-asthmatic people vital capacity (FVC), residual volume (RV), and residual volume/ total lung capacity (RV/TLC) are higher as compared to the asthmatic patient. These all the parameters are particularly useful in the lung function tests. Impaired functioni ng of the lung in asthma reflects altered lung function test and this altered lung function test is correlated with the inflammatory and immune cytokines estimated by means by ELISA method. IL-13 estimated using ELISA gives assessment of treatment effect of antiasthmatic medicine like inhaled corticosteroid/Long-acting beta agonists (ICS/LABA). There is correlation between decreased level of IL-13 and increased FEV1 after treatment with ICS/LABA in asthma patients (2). IL-22 can be estimated both in BAL and serum of asthma patients using ELISA method. It has been observed that IL-22 levels are more in severe asthma patients as compared to mild asthma patients and healthy individuals. It reflects IL-22 estimation using ELISA can be applied in differentiating severity of asthma and plan treatment strategy according to the severity of asthma. T regulatory cells can be analyzed using flow cytometer. CD4 T regulatory cells plays important role in silencing IL-4 genes. Thus T regulatory cells plays important role in controlling lymphocyte associate airway inflammation. There is increased T regulatory cells through FoxP3 expression or CTLA4 expression, analyzed by means of flow cytometer in patients with moderate to severe asthma (3, 4). TH17 cells have important role in the incidence of steroid-resistant (SR) asthma. TH17 cells produce IL-17A and IL-22 cytokines. IL-17A and IL-22 cytokines estimated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture using flow cytometer revealed that there is more percentage of IL-17A and IL-22 cytokines in moderate to severe asthmatic patients as compared to nonasthmatic people. There is more percentage of IL-17A and IL-22 cytokine in the steroid resistant (SR) group as compared to the steroid sensitive (SS) group. This is because glucocorticoids didnt exhibited effect on the IL-17A and IL-22 cytokines. It reflects treatment effect of drugs on cytokines in asthma can be evaluated using flow cytometer. It has been established that there is correlation between the increased IL-17A level and subepithelial fibrosis which is characteristic of airway remodeling in asthma patient. Thus flow cytometer analysis of IL-17A can be directly correlated to the pathological changes in the ast hma patients. Moreover, flow cytometer analysis of IL-17A can be applicable to diffentiate between SR and SS (5). TH2 cells have the capability to differentiate further into dual positive TH2/TH17 cells. In the BAL of asthma patients there was the increased frequency of TH2/TH17 cells analyzed by the flow cytometry (Table 1). Table 1: Comparison of clinical features of the TH2/TH17 low, TH2 predominant, and TH2/TH17predominant subgroups of asthmatic patients. Parameters TH2/TH17low TH2predominant TH2/TH17predominant IL-4 positive cells 3.0 0.5 22.7 2** 12.6 2 IL-17 positive cells 1.2 0.3 5.9 1.6 6.5 1.5 IL-4/ IL-17 positive cells 1.1 0.3 7.3 1.5 20.4 4* Total IgE (kIU/L) 111 26 123 26 230 53 FEV1 (%) 79.6 2 73.9 3 59.6 2.7*$ PC20 (mg/mL) for methacholine 4.6 0.5 2.9 0.4# 1.24 0.2*$ Eosinophils/mL of blood 113 9 422 85# 433 57*@ ICS/LABA 15 22 15 SABA 15 22 15 *P .05 compared with the TH2predominant and TH2/TH17low subgroups. $P .05 compared with the TH2predominant subgroup. #P .05 compared with the TH2/TH17low subgroup, Mann-Whitney U test. @P = .002, all Kruskal Wallis test for multiple comparisons. Increased level of IL 4 and IL17 were also detected in the BAL of asthmatic patients, analyzed by ELISA. Increased TH2/TH17 cell counts and increased production of IL17 correlated with the increased eosinophil counts and FEV1. These TH2/TH17 cells have more steroid resistance as compared to the TH2 cells alone. Airway obstruction and airway hypersensitivity is also more in TH2/TH17 predominant in asthma as compared to the TH2 predominant asthma. As TH2/TH17 cells were identified as prominent reason behind steroid resistance in asthma patients, further research should be directed towards developing TH2/TH17 targeted dugs (2). References: Holgate, S.T. 2012. Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma. Nature Medicne. 18(5): 673-683. Irvin, C., I. Zafar, J. Good, D. Rollins, C. Christianson, M.M. Gorska, R.J. Martin, and R. Alam. 2014. Increased frequency of dual-positive TH2/TH17 cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characterizes a population of patients with severe asthma. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 134:1175-86. Takahashi, K., K. Hirose, S. Kawashima, Y. Niwa, H. Wakashin, A. Iwata, et al., IL-22 attenuates IL-25 production by lung epithelial cells and inhibits antigen-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 128:1067-76. Smyth, L.J. C., A. Eustace, U., Kolsum, J. Blaikely, and D. Singh. 2010. Increased Airway T Regulatory Cells in Asthmatic Subjects. Chest, 138(4): 905-912. Nanzer, A.M., E.S. Chambers, K. Ryanna, D.F. Richards, C. Black, et al., 2013. Enhanced production of IL-17A in patients with severe asthma is inhibited by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a glucocorticoid-independent fashion. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 132:297-304.

After The Fall Essays - Marilyn Monroe, Joseph McCarthy, Free Essays

After The Fall Essays - Marilyn Monroe, Joseph McCarthy, Free Essays After The Fall After the Fall Arthur Miller has written many great plays in his life, such as A View from the Bridge ,Death of a Salesman ,The Misfits, The Crucible, and After the Fall. Out of all his plays it is said that After the Fall is the darkest plays he has written. I believe that this is a true statement, and that the reasons this is his darkest play is because it deals with his inner feelings on thing that he had to deal with in his life. The certain aspects that he touched in this play are his marriage with Marilyn Monroe , who was a great actress in her time. Marilyn is portrayed though the character Maggie who is a very innocent girl who, like Marilyn, was looked at mainly as a sex symbol. After the Fall also deals with Millers brush with authorities over communism in the 50s. To describe this concept Miller describes himself as a lawyer who is defending an old friend who is being threaded as being a communist or portraying communistic ideas in his latest book. Though out the play the main character, Quentin deals with his relationships with women. Two of the women who play very important roles are his wife Louise, and his mother ,Rose. Lousie tries to break out of the traditional idea that the wife is there to just cook, clean, take care of both the children and the husband, and be what is portrayed to me as a robot, where she does not have any thoughts of her own. Rose is what every Jewish mother is described as. She is seen as a strong woman, has a lot of say in what is going on, seems to have an icy touch when dealing with certain people, but is always trying to look on the good side of things. His mother is the ideal woman who Quentin holds every other woman in his life up to. The back round of most of the play is set in the early 1950 during the McCarthy trials. By 1950 the senate was in an era of anti-Communist hysteria. Senator Joseph McCarthy launched a series of highly publicized investigations in the State Department, Hollywood, and even the U.S. Army. This was intend to root out Communism. The aggressive attacks that McCarthy launched lead to a wide spread fear and suspicion though many sectors of American society. Since McCarthy had little evidence to back his claims up McCarthy fell into disfavor. In 1954 he was censured by the Senate for abusing his authority.

Reluctant Client -Human Services Essay Example

Reluctant Client Reluctant Client -Human Services Essay Reluctant Client -Human Services Essay Essay Topic: In the Waiting Room As I fix my office my goal is e to make my clients feel comfortable, secure, and keep a positive environment as much as I can. I wouldn’t want to make my clients to have a negative feeling due to the environment. Furthermore, to keep the clients confidentiality and identity safe, I would have and enter and exit doorways so as a result, clients may enter and when our session is over they may exit safely without anyone in the waiting room or lobby seeing them and for clients in the waiting room not being seen by them. This is a good way to prevent anyone who doesn’t want to be recognized at that moment. Next, I would have my computer desk in the far end of the room, and setup very comfortable three-seat couch, chair, and two lazy boy (beanbags) if they rather have that. For children and my clients’ babies I would have a little play center with safe and secure equipment from infant to toddler stages. This would make my clients to feel that their children are welcome if childcare is an issue. Then I would have a coffee table 6yand a small refrigerator with waters and sodas if my clients ever feel thirsty. Also, a blue carpet would be the kind of floor I would choose because it will keep children safe from accidental falls as well as, to keep my office warm and cozy. If my clients tend to be picky with the light and air system, i would have an a/c heater available next to custom switch lights. Finally, for my windows I would have them like one way mirrors so individuals may look outside but not inside the office. These are the main things I would have in my office mainly to have my clients comfortable and safe at all times. Although when I have better expectations and experience I would then modify my office depending on what is to come. Case of Eric Smith Eric Smith is a twenty-four year old, single, German-American descent male, with down-syndrome and living in a condominium with a college roommate provided by his parents in Santa Maria, CA. He was referred to Mental Health and Special Help by his roommate complaining is difficulties that Eric is having caring for himself and how he starts fires when trying to prepare meals for himself, yet his parents insist and believe he can take care of himself and this appears to be a central aspect of Eric’s difficulties. Eric suffers from impaired hearing and requires dual hearing aids and also has a speech defect, which consist of stammering which is worse when Eric is under stress. With Eric I will approach his special needs with a very respective and willingness manner to get to know him and hear him out as wells as to have a full understanding of his human behavior. Eric has a hearing problem so when I talk to him I want to sound just right not too loud nor too quiet and maybe since he has a speech defect I would try to do sign language if he prefers that, also I would treat him like the adult he is and not a child. I will consider lighten up the room a bit by making it fun not just an old boring session with him to make him feel as comfortable as I can, because I fully understand his condition and by the way his parents try to make him think he can do all the things he normally cannot do isn’t right in my perspective, it seems that his parents want him to be normal like everyone else in their family due to the fact they have an extended family. And that probably makes Eric try to do things by himself to prove them wrong or something, so in this case I don’t want to make him feel worthless and unable to be like us, but I want to approach to him by letting him know he’s a very special individual with a bright future ahead of him and it’s not always a good thing being normal because as adults we go through financial, job, and school stress a lot and in his position he has everything made and worry free. Also how he has many people who care for him. I would maybe then consider taking him to the farmers market to develop a closer trust and relationship with him.

Family Health History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family Health History - Research Paper Example Cigarettes are often used to cover up uncomfortable feelings like anger and nervousness. Nicotine is known to be poisonous, and it could result in a fatality when taken in large amounts. Secondly, Nicotine produces pleasurable feelings even when taken in small amounts this makes the smoker crave for more. Thirdly, smokers usually suffer both psychological and physical withdrawal symptoms whenever they stop smoking; this is due to the usual dependency on nicotine. Some of the withdrawal results include irritability, nervousness, and headache. Smoking harms nearly every organ resulting in many diseases and reducing health in general. Smoking damages the entire cardiovascular system, and it boosts the blood sugar when nicotine hits your body; it also causes blood vessels to tighten thus restricting blood flow (Sturm 21). Smoking leads to the  blood pressure and lowers good cholesterol level this can result in stretching of arteries and buildup of bad cholesterol it also raises the risk of blood clots forming. Weakened blood vessels and blood clots in the smoker’s brain increases the risk of stroke. There is an increased risk of recurrent coronary heart diseases for smokers who have heart bypass surgery and in long-term smokers are at a greater risk of blood cancer. Nevertheless, smoking has a risk to non-smokers too; breathing secondhand smoke has an immediate effect on the cardiovascular system this leads to heart attack and coronary diseases. To tackle this problem, I will encourage the smoker to seek medical consultation. One of the medical solutions is nicotine replacement therapy.  

What extent can we speak of a uniform impact of the cold war on Essay

What extent can we speak of a uniform impact of the cold war on western europe in the period from 1950 to 1980 - Essay Example The discussion here will focus on Western Europe, more specifically Britain, Spain, and Italy. After WWII, Europe was divided by Western Europe, allies of the United States, and Eastern Europe, which was controlled by puppet Russian communist regimes. The United States wanted an independent Western Europe. However, the United States only wanted an independent Europe, if the countries were capitalist. Whereas the Western Europe countries did not like having Russia control half of Europe, with America influencing the other half, they accepted it to the alternative. Brogi (2001, 76) quotes John Gaddis following statement: the hard reality was that Britain, France, and their smaller neighbors preferred the known risks of influence to the imponderables of a unified third force that could conceivably fall under German or even Russian control. Thus for the avoidance of a third world war, Western Europe tolerated the United States influence. â€Å"Indeed the Europeans proved incapable of overcoming their ancient rivalries, but were able to adapt and even promote dependence on the United States† (Borgi, 2001, 76). By depending on the United States, Britain, Spain, and Italy could transfer the responsibility of protecting their nations from Russia to the United States. The United States became the protector of Britain, Spain, and Italy during the Cold War. When before the Cold War, these countries were more dependent on European and self preservation against Russia and Germany. Great Britain and the United States have been allies before and since both world wars. However, the United States, during the Cold War, proved to Great Britain where the true power lay. For example, when the Suez Canal crisis arose, Great Britain and France wanted to resolve the issue militarily (Fraser, 2002, 74). The United States did not want to provoke the Russian backed Egyptian president, Nassar for fear of another world war. To stop France and

Facebook IPO Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facebook IPO - Article Example This will make Facebook the world’s leading social network by capitalization considering that its value will stand at $104 billion at the share offering. The social network is on course to raise $16 billion through its initial public offer. The company will certainly rank among major share offering in the United States taking into consideration that Facebook stands third behind Visa and General Motors. The IPO has undoubtedly portrayed a profound revolution and growth of the company, which was formed eight years ago in Harvard as a dormitory project. The social network will be issuing 420 million common stock shares of which Facebook will sell 180 million of its share while an additional of 241 million shares will come from previous shareholders. After the initial public offer Facebook will be ranked among the most valuable US technology corporations, where key players such as Amazon, Google, Cisco and Apple owns the majority stake in the industry. Background Facebook is the w idely known and used social network. Facebook first entry was in 2004 and had accumulated over one million users within one year. Statistics shows that the number was around 100 million users in December 2008 and 200 million in June 2009, which is doubling of the figure in six months period. Currently, this social network is globally recognized and available in 4 languages (English, French, Spanish and German) and sources say it is spreading its wings to include 22 more languages (Weir, 2008). Facebook is preferred for its user-friendly applications, such as Facebook Online Chat, launched in 2008 and this feature is a popular real time messaging market applications. Facebook is a global with hundreds of millions people using it to inter-connect and check in on friends/relatives, upload photos, share videos and links, meet new friends and have updates of how their friends are fairing (Facebook, 2010). Market Competition According to Nick Wingfield, author of the article, Apple vs Fac ebook, these two companies are not big rivals or competitors. According to the author the companies’ relations is comparative to the relationship between United States and China. These companies have immense powers in their own right. They are neither friends, nor hostile to each other. The apparent reason why Apple and Facebook are not rivals is because Facebook don’t develop operating system, computers, mobiles and tablets. Implications for Competition (Rivalry among the Companies) Apple’s social network, Ping, is not such popular apart from its users who have musical preferences on iTunes. It is obvious that its creation was not meant to challenge Facebook. Apple’s late CEO, Steven P. Jobs, professed that he admired the Facebook CEO and co-founder Mr. Mark Zuckerberg. He hailed praises to Mr. Zuckerberg for his role of trying to build a lasting Silicon Valley company and not selling it. Recently, tension has been realized between the two companies. Aft er Ping introduction to the market two years ago, the two companies could not agree on how to integrate Facebook with the Ping services. This would have enabled users to use Ping to interact with their Facebook friends. Mr. Jobs told one of the reporters that Apple could not work with Facebook on the Ping issue as Facebook was demanding difficult terms they could not agree on. Strategic Alliances Facebook launched alliances in the summer of 2008, with Netflix and Apple to promote Facebook Connect. With regards to Apple, the platform allowed Apple to use Facebook Connect to promote its products. Netflix members were able to link their Facebook and netflix accounts through the Facebook Connect. This helped to expand communication by making it possible for Netflix users to

Management Information System Uses At Unilever Information Technology Essay

Management Information System Uses At Unilever Information Technology Essay The world is considerably very small because of globalization. The virtual closeness of the countries has made the trade and commerce an international event. Global businesses make every community more closely around the world. The discussion in this report shall involve the strategic role and analyze the information requirements of an organization operating in a competitive global environment, decision making at each of the managerial levels, the critical relationship between the Business strategies, Information System (IS) strategy and the Information Technology (IT) strategy in an organization and the latent ethical issues of information systems. In this case, the situation surrounding Unilever will be taken into consideration. The following annotations and propositions discussed in this discussion are supported by claims on journals, books and Unilever website. The modern technology is really helping those businesses where is using a Management Information System in the various level of managerial approach. The chosen company is Unilever to describe in this report how Unilever is benefitting using Management Information System in various level of the company. The discussion in this report shall involve the strategic role and analyze the information requirements of an organization operating in a competitive global environment, decision making at each of the managerial levels, the critical relationship between the Business strategies, Information System (IS) strategy and the Information Technology (IT) strategy in an organization and the latent ethical issues of information systems. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Background of the company 4 Analyzing Mission Statement 4 PESTEL Analysis of Unilever 4 Political Factors 4 Economical Factors 5 Socio-Cultural Factors 5 Technological Factors 5 Environmental Factors 5 Legislative Factors 5 SWOT Analysis of Unilever 5 Strength 6 Weaknesses 6 Opportunities 6 Threats 7 Recommended Information Systems 7 Strategic Level 8 Management Level 9 Knowledge Level 9 9 Operational Level 9 Ethical issues related in using Information System at Unilever 10 Conclusion 11 References: 12 Background of the company Unilever is a Dutch-British multinational company which acquired many consumers product brands in foods, ice-creams, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever got two headquarter one in Rotterdam, Netherlands and other one in London, United Kingdom. The Unilever is a dual listed company which has same directors and runs effectively. The current non-executive chairman of Unilever is Michael Treschowand and Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive. The main Competitors for Unilever are Proctor Gamble, Nestle, DANONE, Reckitt Benckiser, Kraft Foods, S.C Johnson and sons and Henkel. Analyzing Mission Statement The mission statement of Unilever UK represents two dimensions of their company, one is how Unilever products attached to the people everyday life and the other part is what Unilever wants to do in the nearest future. Everyday around the world, more than 150 million people in over 150 countries using Unilever products because people know they can help themselves feel good look good and can get more out of life, a few examples, Flora helps keep hearts healthy, a cup of PG Tips refreshes, Magnum gives an indulging treat, Persil to clean familys clothes, Domestos keeps germs free, Sure helps unbeatable protection and hair wash with Sunsilk helps looks great also gives confidence to take on life. The company is committed to provide a healthy lifestyle, variety, taste, quality products, enjoyment supporting increasingly precious commodity. The company is also committed to the vitality of the environment and the communities. The Unilever doing business in a responsible way has a positive b enefit also working in partnership with governments, international agencies (such as, UNICEF) and nongovernmental organizations (such as, WWF) to make a difference. PESTEL Analysis of Unilever Political Factors Unilever operating their businesses in globalise environment around the world. Unilever now operates their business over 150 countries around the globe. The performance of Unilever is highly influenced by legislative and political conditions of individual serving countries. If consider the employment legislations, the rules is different for every countries there need to be followed a rules for providing a mix job opportunity including flexible, lower paid locally based jobs, higher paid centrally located jobs etc. Also there has to be meet a demand from vast population categories like students, working parents and senior citizen, disabled people. Economical Factors Unilever is concern about economic factors because this is related with demand, costs, prices and profits. There is another most influential factors of economy is high unemployment which is directly related with the demand of many products and adversely affected on that may products. Those kinds of economic factors can not be controlled by the Unilever Socio-Cultural Factors The consumers demand the type of goods and services on the basis of consumers social condition, consequent attitude and beliefs. Now a day, the consumers are more aware of health related matters and the attitudes towards products are constantly changing. Technological Factors Technology is a macro-environmental variable which help the development of the Unilever products. The new technologies are beneficial for both companies and the customers; customer satisfaction rises because products are readily available. Unilever uses latest technologies for example wireless devices, intelligent scale, radio frequency identification etc. The use of Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic Fund Transfer systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have greatly improved the efficiency of distribution and stocking activities etc. (Finch 2004) Environmental Factors There are some issues threatening the producers and retailers have been environmental factors. In 2003, there was an increased pressure on many companies and managers to acknowledge their responsibilities to the society and act in a way which can help society (Lindgreen Hingley 2003). Unilever corporate social responsibility has to be concerned in this way where any organization exceeds minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through the regulation. (Johnson Scholes 2003) Legislative Factors There is the law of land and policies have a direct impact on the performance of Unilever. There is an enforceable Code of Practices have to be followed to set up banning many of current practices, for example, the payments from suppliers and changing agreed prices . (Mintel Report, 2004) The powerful competitors established brands creates a threat of intense price wars and a strong requirements for product differentiation. The governments policies for monopoly controls and reduction of buyers power can limit entry to this sector such controls on license requirements and limits on access to raw materials. (Mintel Report, 2004; Myers, 2004). SWOT Analysis of Unilever Successful businesses build on their strengths, correct their weaknesses and protect against internal vulnerabilities and external threats. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis helps businesses to understand overall business environment and exploit new opportunities more faster than any other competitors. Strength The market Share is increasing day by day because of playing a great profitable contribution the world economy. High reputations for quality products are a key strength. Unilever got excellent product safety in health, beauty and foods. Unilever is a global business which do business more than 150 countries around the world. There is a high performance of distribution where the suppliers are located around the UK. Competitive pricing is also a key strength in Unilever. Unilever uses latest technology which helps the company to introduce consumers good products. Unilever got experienced and qualified research and development team for product development. Weaknesses Brand image some time affect the common customer. High pricing for various products causes low earning customer to buy another companys less price products. Customer Relationship Management must be a qualified team as there have no retail shop company business always depends on sole distributors. Lack of market research in Unilever reduces total sales figure in a financial year. They do not have retail and online shop, it some time causes high pricing of products in the distributors retail shop. Depends on the distributors where some time does not take proper initiative to increase the sales. Opportunities Increasing market share comparable to the competitors is really a good opportunity which can help company to increase the growth rate. Unilever can open retail shop which will help to approach direct consumer. Increasing brand value by providing good quality of products. Unilever can acquire more companys brands and services which can be a key step to increase the value in the market. Greater promotion of some products can get more customers to use their products. Threats All successful businesses attract competition so the competitors would be a threat. International competitors may also intrude as Unilever expands. Every products can not be marketed every countries because of different race of people around the world. Natural disaster could damage many area of the business, for example, earthquake in Haiti and Chile. Recession causes loss of jobs where people less use of branded products, for example recent recession in USA, UK and Europe caused a vast impact in world economy. Recommended Information Systems The following cross-functional system concepts and how they can provide significant business value to Unilever will be discussed in this document: The operational level is for taking day to day decision. Transaction Processing System can help to take operation level decision like supermarket, Biometric device etc. The knowledge level of decision is takes for research, design and procurement. Knowledge Work System can help to take knowledge level decision. The tactical or managerial control level decision takes for 1 to 3 years, it is for resource allocation. Management Information System or Decision Support System can help to take the managerial level decision. The strategic level decision takes for 3 to 10 years, it is for long term. Executive Information System can help to take the strategic level decision. Figure 1 Strategic Level Complex Mathematical Model: Unilever can use a Complex Mathematical Model for monitoring operations, costs, revenues, market shares, share prices etc. Unilever is categorized as fast moving consumer goods, quick acquisition, processing of market information. The information of market is usually collect from research companies, historical data and individual analysis. Enterprise Data Warehouse and Business Intelligence Solution: In order to gain a clear view of business performance across Unilevers companies in around the world. Unilever Information Program: When transformation is taking place in the organisation, information systems are inevitably involved. Currently Unilever is reshaping operational responsibilities for greater clarity between what is better done by the local company, at regional level or global organisations. The Unilever Information Program (UIP) is to develop an infrastructure to support the Path to Growth strategy, with the key priority of finding a quick data integration solution to allow user access to any number of data sources for in-depth analysis. Management Level Supply Management Information System: Unilever can integrated a supply management information system which will helps local, regional and global supply managers make appropriate sourcing of decisions, allowing them to collate and analyze informations more quickly and easily. The system enables managers to negotiate with suppliers in a transparent and efficient way where benefiting both parties. Knowledge Level Procurement System: The procurement is inevitability for future supply chain optimisation the supply market, particularly in Europe is still suffering from under-development. The Procurement System can help total supply chain operation rather than just transactional activity. The Procurement System provides a catalyst for positive improvement in supply management profiles. Supply-Chain Management Systems: The using of a variety information system and several other supply chain management technologies, Unilever can enhance the usability of the supply chain. Research Development System: Used for formula development Operational Level Specifications System: Specification System will help in packaging, formula, raw material, finished products and process specification. Manufacturing Planning System: Manufacturing Planning System can help in production orders, purchase orders, standard costs, inventory, financial transactions, and production reporting. Planning System: Planning system can help in Demand Planning (DP), Demand Requirement Planning (DRP), Constrained Product Planning (CPP), Finite Scheduling. Order and Cash System: Order and Cash system can help in order entry management, terms of sale, deduction tracking, stock allocation and invoicing. Finished Goods Management System: Finished good management system can be used for shipping, warehouse, transportation, production and traceability. Ethical issues related in using Information System at Unilever A new technology introduces some new ethical dilemmas. Computer technology is used for gathering, storing, manipulating data and spread the processed data which is information. Information system uses local and global networks, databases, programs for processing information. Information is a key to prosperity and it is a source of power also. This is very important to think about ethical considerations, how information will be used in an information system because there is social and political issues involved. There are severe social problems exist today because government and business organisations have failed to uphold the highest ethics standard in Management Information System use. These problems exist in such forms as invasion of privacy and software piracy. The most widely publicized classification of human rights in the computer area is Richard O. Masons PAPA. The letters in PAPA stand for Privacy, Accuracy, Property and Accessibility. (McLeod and Schell, 2001) Privacy: The right of privacy is threatened by two forces. One is increasing ability is of the computer to be used for surveillance and other one is the increasing value of information in decision making. Decision maker sometime invade someones privacy to get the information. Unilever need to do market research in need to know what type of products customers really need or what they use. There is a ethical issue concerned because of Data Protection Act, UK 1998. Accuracy: The Management Information System is given credit for making possible a level of accuracy and which is not unachievable in manual system. Most of the time errors cost much greater. Property: There is some intellectual property like computer programs. The software or the systems Unilever using are they copyrighted, agreed to use from the vendors. Access: There are some information is available to the general public in the form of printed documents or microform of images stored in libraries which includes news stories, results of scientific experiments, government statistics and so on. Access right is required to access some other databases to get information. A right to access is a Modern-day ethical issue. Conclusion Finally it can be said that Unilever can make their market position stronger than before by using different information system at different level. But Unilever must have enough consideration in various sectors to use Management Information System.

The Story of the Pineapple Essay -- Botany

The Story of the Pineapple After the discovery of America, new food plants became known to European people. The pineapple symbolizes balmy tropical lands and leisurely life on tropical islands. The pineapple, as well as other agricultural crops such as maize, potatoes, beans, peanuts, and tobacco, originated in America and were unknown to people of the old World. The story of the pineapple falls into three distinct periods. The first period precedes the discovery of America and goes back into the antiquity of South America where the pineapple is believed to have developed. There is very little information about it during this period but it is known that the pineapple was already being cultivated and widely distributed through inhabited areas of the American tropics. The second period, covering about 400 years, extends from 1493 to 1900 when Columbus first saw pineapples on the Island of Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The third period, beginning in 1900, is characterized by the industrial development of pineapple production and canning around the world, making the canned fruit available to people living in nontropical countries. Wild pineapples are still to be found in parts of tropical America in which they are small fruited, inferior in eating qualities, and extremely seedy. To eat a pineapple full of these seeds is like trying to eat one of our present day seedless fruits containing one thousand small bits of gravel. It was believed that long periods of propagation of a domesticated species would result in the plant losing its ability to produce seeds. Actually there is no scientific evidence to this belief. Seedlessness usually appears in normal seed-bearing plants as a result of a mutation in the chromosomes... ...alting ocean water for domestic and agricultural use. Future changes and techniques will help utilization of additional land areas and supply more pineapples to people. Bibliography 1. Collins, J.L., The Pineapple, Leonard Hill Books Limited, New York, 1960. 2. Cook, A. A. 1975. Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Nuts, Hafner Press, New York, 3. Fisher, D.V. 1976.History of Fruit Growing and Handling in United States of America and Canada, Regatta City Press LTD., Canada. 4. Fraser, S.M.S. 1931. American Fruits, orange Judd Publishing Company, Inc. New York.. 5. Hartman, H. T. 1981. Plant Science, Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey. 6. Simmons, A. E. 1972. Growing Unusual Fruit, Walker and Company, New York. 7. Williams, C.N. 1979. Tree and Field Crops of the Wetter Regions of the Tropics, Longman Group Ltd.